Exploring the Ancient Marvel of Kuttam Pokuna: Sri Lanka’s Twin Ponds

Nestled within the serene Abhayagiri Vihara complex in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, lies a remarkable testament to ancient hydrological engineering and architectural brilliance—the Kuttam Pokuna, or the Twin Ponds. These two intricately designed bathing pools, believed to have been used by monks for ritual cleansing, stand as a symbol of the ingenuity and artistry of the ancient Sinhalese civilization. Join me as we delve into this fascinating archaeological wonder's history, design, and restoration.

A Glimpse into History

Kuttam Pokuna's origins remain unsurprisingly, but historians generally attribute its construction to the reign of King Aggabodhi I (575–608 AD). However, some sources suggest it may have been built as late as the 8th or 9th century. The twin ponds are part of the sprawling Abhayagiri Vihara complex, a center of Buddhist learning and monastic life in ancient Sri Lanka. Interestingly, the two ponds are not twins in age—the smaller northern pond is believed to have been constructed earlier, with the larger southern pond added later.

Architectural Splendor

The Kuttam Pokuna is a masterpiece of ancient engineering and design. The two ponds, though similar in appearance, exhibit subtle differences that highlight the evolution of architectural techniques. The northern pond measures 91 feet (28 meters) in length, while the southern pond stretches 132 feet (40 meters). Both are 51 feet (15.5 meters) wide, separated by a 9-foot (2.7 meters) gap.

The ponds are lined with finely cut granite slabs and feature stepped slopes, giving them a distinctive aesthetic. The northern pond has two flights of stone steps, each with 20 steps and simple balustrades, while the southern pond boasts three flights of 18 steps, adorned with ornate punkalas (pots of plenty) and intricate scroll designs. The southern pond also includes terraces broad enough to walk or sit on, adding to its grandeur.

One of the most striking features of the northern pond is the five-hooded cobra sculpture under a Makara Thorana (Dragon Arch), a unique artistic element that adds a touch of mystique to the site. Another cobra carving can be found near the water supply inlet, further emphasizing the symbolic importance of water in ancient Sri Lankan culture.

Hydrological Engineering at Its Finest

The Kuttam Pokuna is not just a visual marvel—it is also a feat of hydrological engineering. Water was supplied to the ponds through an underground pipeline system, traveling over 3 kilometers from a rainwater reservoir. Before entering the northern pond, the water passed through a series of filtering chambers designed to trap silt, ensuring the water remained clean. The filtered water then flowed into the northern pond through a dragon-shaped spout, a detail that showcases the artistic flair of the builders.

The two ponds are connected by an underground channel, which also acts as a filtering mechanism for the larger southern pond. The water eventually drains from the smaller pond through an outlet, likely used to irrigate nearby rice fields. This intricate system highlights the advanced understanding of water management possessed by the ancient Sinhalese.


Restoration Efforts

After centuries of neglect, the Kuttam Pokuna was rediscovered and partially restored in the late 19th century by Robert Wilson Ievers, the Government Agent of the North Central Province. However, the full restoration took place between 1950 and 1955 under the guidance of Prof. Senarath Paranavithana, the then-Commissioner of Archaeology. During this restoration, many of the original stone slabs were repositioned, and missing punkalas were replaced with concrete replicas.

The restoration process was painstaking, as the team had to carefully reconstruct the ponds based on archaeological clues. One of the most exciting discoveries during this period was a metal pot found at the bottom of one of the ponds, containing small figurines of a frog, tortoise, crab, fish, a conch, and a dancing woman. These artifacts, now housed in the Anuradhapura Museum, offer a glimpse into the cultural and artistic practices of the time.

Visiting Kuttam Pokuna Today

Located just 600 meters east of the Abhayagiri Stupa and 400 meters east of the iconic Samadhi Statue, the Kuttam Pokuna is a must-visit for anyone exploring the ancient city of Anuradhapura. The site’s serene atmosphere and intricate design make it a perfect spot for reflection and appreciation of Sri Lanka’s rich heritage.


As you walk around the ponds, take a moment to admire the craftsmanship of the stone carvings, the precision of the hydrological system, and the sheer beauty of this ancient bathing complex. The Kuttam Pokuna is not just a relic of the past—it is a living testament to the ingenuity and creativity of the ancient Sinhalese people.

Final Thoughts

The Kuttam Pokuna stands as a shining example of the architectural and engineering prowess of ancient Sri Lanka. Its harmonious blend of functionality and artistry continues to inspire awe in visitors and scholars alike. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, an architecture buff, or simply a curious traveler, the Twin Ponds of Anuradhapura offer a fascinating journey into the heart of Sri Lanka’s glorious past.

So, the next time you find yourself in Anuradhapura, don’t miss the chance to witness this ancient marvel. Let the whispers of history guide you as you explore the timeless beauty of Kuttam Pokuna.


THE AUTHOR BY: I.D.M.V.B.ILANGANTHILAKA 

https://www.youtube.com/@StellarPath0722

https://www.pinterest.com/wimukthibi/_pins/

https://www.youtube.com/@SkylineNook-z7y

Location: 9CC2+9FV, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

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