The Moonstone (Sandakada Pahana): A Symbol of Sri Lanka's Ancient Art and Spirituality

The Moonstone, or Sandakada Pahana as it is known in Sinhala, is one of the most iconic and spiritually significant architectural elements in Sri Lanka's ancient history. This intricately carved semi-circular stone slab, often found at the entrances of Buddhist temples and sacred sites, is a decorative feature and a profound representation of Buddhist teachings and the cycle of life. Let’s delve into this remarkable artifact's history, symbolism, and evolution.

What is a Sandakada Pahana?

The Sandakada Pahana, commonly referred to as the Moonstone, is a semi-circular stone slab placed at the bottom of staircases and entrances. Its name derives from its shape and design, which resembles a crescent moon. The term "Sandakada Pahana" was first used in the 13th-century Sinhala literary work Saddharma Ratnavaliya, though earlier texts mention it under different names like Patika.

Historical Evolution of the Moonstone

Anuradhapura Period

The earliest Moonstones date back to the latter stage of the Anuradhapura Kingdom (377 BC – 1017 AD). During this period, they were exclusively placed at the entrances of Buddhist temples. The design was consistent across all Moonstones, featuring a half-lotus at the center surrounded by concentric bands. These bands were adorned with intricate carvings:

1.    Swans – Symbolizing purity and the ability to distinguish good from evil.

2.    Liyavel (Foliage) – Representing worldly desires (Taṇhā).

3.    Four Animals – Elephants, lions, horses, and bulls, symbolize the four stages of life: birth, decay, disease, and death.

4.    Flames – Depicting the endless cycle of life and the suffering caused by passion.

Interestingly, some Moonstones from this period were square or rectangular, such as the one at the Mirisawetiya Monastery, suggesting that the semi-circular design evolved over time.

Polonnaruwa Period

During the Polonnaruwa Kingdom (1056–1236 AD), the design of the Moonstone underwent significant changes. The most notable alteration was the removal of the bull, likely due to the influence of Hinduism, which considers the bull a sacred animal associated with the god Shiva. The four animals were no longer depicted in a single band but were separated into individual bands. Additionally, Moonstones began to appear at the entrances of non-religious buildings, reflecting a shift in their usage.

The best-preserved example from this era is found at the northern entrance of the Polonnaruwa Vatadage, a circular relic house.

Kandy and Gampola Periods

By the time of the Gampola and Kandy Kingdoms (14th–19th centuries), the Moonstone had transformed dramatically. The once semi-circular slab became almost triangular, and the concentric bands were replaced by elaborate patterns of liyavel (foliage) surrounding a central lotus. While these Moonstones were less intricate than their predecessors, they retained their spiritual significance.

Symbolism of the Moonstone

The Sandakada Pahana is deeply symbolic, reflecting Buddhist philosophy and the cycle of Saṃsāra (the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth). According to historian Senarath Paranavitana, the carvings represent the following:

·         Lotus – The ultimate achievement of Nirvana (liberation from suffering).

·         Liyavel (Foliage) – Worldly desires (Taṇhā) that bind humans to the cycle of rebirth.

·         Four Animals – Elephants, bulls, lions, and horses symbolize the four stages of life: birth, decay, disease, and death.

·         Swans – Represent the ability to distinguish between good and evil.

·         Flames – The endless cycle of life and the suffering caused by passion.

The Moonstone serves as a visual reminder of the transient nature of life and the path to spiritual liberation.

Notable Moonstones in Sri Lanka

1.    Anuradhapura Era – The finest example is located in front of the Queen's Palace in Anuradhapura.

2.    Polonnaruwa Era – The most renowned Moonstone is at the northern entrance of the Polonnaruwa Vatadage.

3.    Kandy Era – The Moonstone at the Dalada Maligawa (Temple of the Tooth Relic) in Kandy showcases the unique triangular design of this period.

Artistic and Cultural Significance

The Moonstone is a testament to the skill and creativity of ancient Sinhalese artisans. Its intricate carvings and symbolic representations reflect the deep philosophical and spiritual insights of Buddhism. The low-relief carving technique used in its creation further enhances its artistic value, making it a cherished element of Sri Lanka's cultural heritage.

Conclusion

The Sandakada Pahana is more than just a stone slab; it is a profound symbol of Buddhist teachings and the journey from worldly desires to ultimate liberation. Its presence at the entrances of sacred sites serves as a reminder of the spiritual path and the transient nature of life. Whether you're a history enthusiast, a spiritual seeker, or an admirer of ancient art, the Moonstone is a fascinating piece of Sri Lanka's rich cultural tapestry.

Next time you visit an ancient temple in Sri Lanka, take a moment to appreciate the intricate beauty and deep symbolism of the Moonstone – a timeless masterpiece that continues to inspire awe and reverence.

Have you encountered a Moonstone during your travels? Share your experiences and thoughts in the comments below!

THE AUTHOR BY: I.D.M.V.B.ILANGANTHILAKA 

https://www.youtube.com/@StellarPath0722

https://www.pinterest.com/wimukthibi/_pins/

https://www.youtube.com/@SkylineNook-z7y